Peter Thompson may refer to:

• Peter Thompson (cricketer) (born 1965), Barbadian cricketer
• Peter Thompson (footballer, born 1942) (1942–2018), English football outside left
• Peter Thompson (footballer, born 1936) (born 1936), English football centre forward
• Peter Thompson (Northern Ireland footballer) (born 1984), Northern Irish football player
• Peter Thompson (rugby union, born 1926) (1926–1997), Australian rugby union player
• Peter Thompson (rugby union, born 1929) (born 1929), English rugby union player

• Sir Peter Thompson (antiquarian) (1698–1770), merchant, MP and collector from Poole
• Peter Thompson (Medal of Honor) (1854–1928), survivor of the Battle of Little Bighorn
• Peter Thompson (broadcaster) (born 1952), Australian broadcast journalist and educator
• Peter Thompson, professor at the University of York, England and creator of the Thatcher effect
• Peter Thompson, associate professor of American history at St Cross College
• Peter Thompson (chief executive) (born 1967), chief executive officer of the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)

• Peter Thompson dress, a sailor dress, after the c.1900 American former naval tailor credited with creating the style
• Peter Thomson (disambiguation)