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Draft:Carlos Belmonte Martínez

  • Comment: The source cited for the sentence "Carlos Belmonte is married, has three children and resides near the Mediterranean coast in San Juan, Alicante" doesn't appear to support any of that material. Cordless Larry (talk) 13:14, 7 November 2024 (UTC)
  • Comment: While likely that the subject meets WP:NPROF, this is written as a puff-piece and will require extensive copy editing prior to publication. See discussion on the talk page. Bobby Cohn (talk) 21:10, 6 November 2024 (UTC)
Carlos Belmonte Martínez
Belmonte in 2024
Born (1943-10-24) October 24, 1943 (age 81)
Albacete, Castilla–La Mancha, Spain
Alma mater
Scientific career
FieldsNeuroscience

Carlos Belmonte Martínez (born October 24, 1943, in Albacete, Spain) is a neuroscientist specialised in sensory physiology, particularly in ocular neuroscience. His awards include the National Research Prize Rey Jaime I, the National Prize Severo Ochoa, the National Prize Gregorio Marañón[1][2] and the Nature Award for Mentoring in Science.[3][2] Carlos Belmonte is also a businessman. He is part part of the board team of different biomedical spin-offs[4] including Newmanbrain,[5][6] and i-Onion.[7] He holds multiple patents related to the diagnosis and treatment of ocular pain, dry eye, and neurological conditions[8].

Education

Belmonte earned his MD from the University of Madrid Medical School in 1966, followed by a PhD in Physiology, in 1969. From 1971 to 1973, he continued his research training as an NIH International Fellow at the University of Utah, working alongside C. Eyzaguirre and Nobel Laureate H.K. Hartline.[9][10]

Carlos Belmonte in 1980

In 1973, he became the youngest Full Professor and Chairman at a Spanish medical school upon his return to Valladolid.[11] Although he spent sabbatical periods as a Visiting Professor at Harvard, Utah, the Max Planck Institute in Florida, and New South Wales University in Australia, his academic and research career has been primarily based in Spain.[9][12][10][1]

Personal life

Belmonte comes from a distinguished family of Spanish ophthalmologists spanning four generations. His grandfather, Nicolás Belmonte Dumont, was a pioneering ophthalmologist who founded the Belmonte Eye Clinic in Albacete and held prominent roles, including president of the local medical college and a notable political figure during Spain's Second Republic. Nicolás had three sons, Nicolás, Manuel, and José who each pursued significant careers in ophthalmology. Of José's five children, Carlos and his brother José continued the family legacy in medicine.[13] His son, Pablo Belmonte, is also involved in the medical field through the company Newmanbrain.[14], while his other son, Diego Belmonte, works in the same sector with the company i-Onion[7]

Career

In 1987, Belmonte founded the Institute of Neurosciences in Alicante[2], a joint center of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and the University Miguel Hernández (UMH).[15][16] The Institute of Neurosciences in Alicante has been catalogued as a centre of excellence for over twelve years by the Spanish Ministry of Culture and Innovation.[17]

Belmonte has also served on the boards of research organizations, including International Brain Research Organization (IBRO), International Society for Eye Research, Human Frontiers, the European Research Council, the Spanish Society of Neurosciences and has contributed to journals like Experimental Eye Research, Pain, Molecular Pain, and European Journal of Neuroscience. [16][18]

Scientific contributions

Belmonte has published over 170 scientific papers.[19] His research has primarily focused on neuroscience, particularly the mechanisms of sensory transduction and pain. His contributions include the study of electrical properties of sensory neurons and their roles in transduction of mechanical and chemical stimuli. He has made several discoveries related to the physiology of the eye and its sensory pathways.[1][16][18]

In the field of sensory transduction, Belmonte discovered the nerve endings in the cornea have unique ways of detecting different types of harmful stimuli, such as pressure or chemicals that might cause pain, as well as helping the eye heal and respond to inflammation. His research included developing a special tool called an gas esthesiometer that measures sensitivity on the eye's surface, confirming that there are different types of sensory functions at play and clarifying how specific nerve fibers contribute to our experience of sensations in the eye.[20][21][22] This research resulted in the development of different inventions aimed at addressing ocular pain.[23]

Belmonte discovered that a specific channel in nerve cells of the trigeminal ganglion, called TRPM8 helps us sense cold temperatures and how concentrated certain substances are and they can be affected by inflammation.[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] He found that when these cold-sensing nerve fibers are activated, they play a role in producing tears, blinking, and the symptoms associated with Dry Eye Disease (DED),[35][36] while others, known as TRPA1, can be triggered by substances produced by bacteria.[37][38] He also looked into other channels, such as TRPV1 and Piezo2, which are involved in pain sensation in the eye.[39][40][41][42][43] This research has led to the creation of new compounds for the treatment of eye pain.[44][45][46]

One area of his research focuses on the dry eye symptoms that can occur after LASIK eye surgery. He suggested that these symptoms may mainly be due to damaged cold-sensing fibers firing abnormally, rather than problems with all types of sensory fibers. This helps explain why some patients experience pain and reduced tear production even when they blink less after surgery. This research resulted in multiple patented inventions designed for diagnosing and treating eye pain.[47][48]

Additionally, he showed that injecting a substance called sodium hyaluronan into the knee can help reduce pain. This injection not only provides cushioning to the joint but also interacts with pain-sensing channels in the body, which helps lower inflammation.[49][50][51]

Contributions to the field of education

Professor Carlos Belmonte receiving Nature award

Belmonte has been appointed to several academic and administrative positions in educational institutions. As Professor of Human Physiology in Madrid and Valladolid, and later as Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs and Dean of the Medical School at the University of Alicante, which he helped establish in 1980, he implemented innovative teaching methods and a progressive medical curriculum.[52] In 2016 he became President of the Spanish Society of Medical Education[53] [54]. In 2017 he received a Nature Lifetime Award for Outstanding Mentorship.[55]

Presently, Belmonte continues his academic activities as Emeritus Professor and Senior Researcher at the Instituto de Neurociencias, UMH-CSIC in Alicante, Spain.[56]

Business career

Belmonte has been the founder and co-founder of several biomedical spin-offs[57]

One of his early ventures was Avizorex Pharma, founded in 2013[58] [59], which stemmed from his research on the role of temperature-sensitive neurons in tear production[60]. The company developed AVX-012, an agonist of the TRPM8 ion channel, a receptor for cold temperatures in the eye that increases blinking and tear production to treat dry eye[23]. This treatment successfully completed a Phase 2a clinical trial[61] [62]. In 2019, the company was acquired by Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,[63] which was acquired in 2022 by Alcon for $770 million.[64]

In 2017, he co-founded Newmanbrain, for which he also acts as scientific advisor. The company's provides with a non-invasive, objective, and accurate neuroimaging system designed to assess Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) using functional Near-infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRs)[65]. The technology enables mass screenings of various brain conditions.[65][66]

Carlos is the inventor, co-founder, and scientific advisor of i-Onion (formerly Tearful), a company established in 2019[67] that develops medical devices for measuring tear flow. The device enables a quantitative assessment of the lacrimal glands’ maximum tear secretion capacity in humans and other mammals, offering an alternative to the Schirmer test, which measures only basal tear secretion. The purpose of this device is to support clinicians in identifying appropriate secretagogues to activate lacrimal gland secretion when indicated.[68]

Carlos Belmonte is a co-inventor or principal inventor on 25 patents focused on diagnosing and treating ocular pain, dry eyes, and detecting neuronal conditions, among others.[8][18]

Publications

Belmonte has authored and co-authored over 170 scientific papers and over 20 books. His research primarily focuses on the sensory mechanisms involved in pain and temperature sensation, particularly in relation to the ocular surface. He explores the functionality of various ion channels, such as TRP (Transient Receptor Potential) channels, and their role in nociceptive pathways (for the perception of pain), especially in the cornea. His studies elucidate the physiological responses of cold-sensitive neurons and the impact of sensory nerve activity on tear production. He investigates how conditions like dry eye and ocular surface disorders influence sensory nerve function and the experience of pain[23]. His publications cover the effects of different treatments on ocular discomfort, including the analgesic effects of novel compounds such as arginine-rich peptides on TRPV1 channels[41][40][41].

Awards, honors, and recognitions

Carlos Belmonte with his wife and the King of Spain receiving the National Research Award "Rey Jaime I"

Belmonte's contributions have been recognized iwith the National Research Award "Rey Jaime I"[69][70][1][10], the National Prize for Biology and Biomedicine "Severo Ochoa"[10] and the National Award in Medicine "Gregorio Marañón"[1][71]. In eye research, he was awarded with the EA Balazs Prize of the International Society of Eye Research[72], the ALCON Award[10][71], the EA Balazs Medal of the German Ophthalmological Society, the Eucornea Medal and the European Vision Award.[73]

Belmonte is ARVO Golden Fellow and Honoree of the ARVO Foundation (USA)[74][75]. He is a member of the Academia Europaea,[76] the National Academy of Sciences of Spain[18] and the Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur of Mainz[77],Germany, and Doctor Honoris Causa by the University of Castilla la Mancha[1][78], Spain and University of Cordoba, Argentina.[79]

Awards, honors, and recognitions
Year Awards, Honors, and Recognitions[80][1][81][18]
2024 Claes Dolman Lecture Speaker, Bienal Cornea Conference, Harvard University[82]
2019 Endre A. Balazs Medal for Achievements in Ophthalmology, awarded by the Coronis Foundation & Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft (DOG)[72]
2018 EuCornea Medal, European Society of Cornea, Vienna, Austria[73]
2017 Nature's Lifelong Mentoring Award[3][2]
2017 ARVO Fellow Gold, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, USA[74][71]
2016 Doctor Honoris Causa, National University of Cordoba, Argentina[11]
2016 Scientific Award in Biomedical Research "Constantes y Vitales," A3 Media, Madrid, Spain[83]
2015 Researcher of the Year, Prize of the Sociedad Española del Dolor, Group on Neuropathic Pain, Spain[84]
2014 Luis Federico Leloir Prize for International Cooperation in Science, Technology, and Innovation, Government of the Republic of Argentina[85][71]
2013 Special Honoree of the ARVO Foundation and Dowling Society, USA[75]
2012 Antonio Gallego Prize, Sociedad Española de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Spain[86][71]
2012 FUNDOLOR Prize for contributions to the study of pain and pain treatment, Valencia, Spain[87]
2011 Distinction for Scientific Merit 2011, Government of the Valencian Community, Spain[88][71]
2011 Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Castilla-La Mancha (Medicine), Spain[78][1]
2011 Biosanitary Personality of the Year 2011, awarded by the Colegios Profesionales Biosanitarios de Alicante[18]
2011 European Vision Award, European Vision Institute (EVI), Belgium[89]
2009 Medal of honor awarded to scientific talet, "Ateneo Científico Literario y Artístico de Alicante", Spain[90]
2009 ARVO Fellow (FARVO), Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, USA[91][71]
2008 Award from Diógenes Foundation for Research on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (E.LA), Alicante, Spain[18]
2008 National Prize for Biomedical Research "Gregorio Marañón," presented by the King of Spain, Spain[71][1]
2008 National Prize Daza Valdés 2007 for a career in vision research from the Fundación Instituto Español de Ciencias Visuales (INCIVI), Madrid, Spain[92]
2007 Gold Medal of the Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Spain[93][71]
2006 Biographical sketch in the "Diccionario Biográfico Español," Real Academia de la Historia, Spain[18]
1999 Ordre National du Lion, Republic of Sénégal[18]
1998 Award for Research in Neurobiology, "Recognition to Biomedical Sciences in Spain, 1998," Fundación de Ciencias de la Salud, Madrid, Spain[94]
1998 Endre A. Balazs Prize for Ocular Research, awarded by the International Society for Eye Research (ISER)[95][10][71]
1997 Alcon Research Institute Annual Award for Vision Research, Alcon Research Institute, USA[10][71]
1997 Medal "Emilio Diaz Caneja" for excellence in eye research, awarded by IOBA, Universidad de Valladolid, Spain[71]
1996 First National Prize for a Research Career "Cátedra Severo Ochoa," awarded by the Ministry of Education and Science, Spain, and presented by the King of Spain[10]
1992 National Prize "Rey Jaime I" for Research in Neurosciences, presented by the King of Spain[10]
1991 Prize "Alberto Sols" for a research career in the Valencian Community, Spain

References

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  22. ^ Belmonte, Carlos; Carmen Acosta, M.; Gallar, Juana (March 2004). "Neural basis of sensation in intact and injured corneas". Experimental Eye Research. 78 (3): 513–525. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2003.09.023. PMID 15106930.
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  24. ^ Piña, Ricardo; Ugarte, Gonzalo; Campos, Matías; Íñigo-Portugués, Almudena; Olivares, Erick; Orio, Patricio; Belmonte, Carlos; Bacigalupo, Juan; Madrid, Rodolfo (2019-10-09). "Role of TRPM8 Channels in Altered Cold Sensitivity of Corneal Primary Sensory Neurons Induced by Axonal Damage". The Journal of Neuroscience. 39 (41): 8177–8192. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0654-19.2019. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 6786815. PMID 31471469.
  25. ^ Arcas, José Miguel; González, Alejandro; Gers-Barlag, Katharina; González-González, Omar; Bech, Federico; Demirkhanyan, Lusine; Zakharian, Eleonora; Belmonte, Carlos; Gomis, Ana; Viana, Félix (2019-02-06). "The Immunosuppressant Macrolide Tacrolimus Activates Cold-Sensing TRPM8 Channels". The Journal of Neuroscience. 39 (6): 949–969. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1726-18.2018. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 6363935. PMID 30545944.
  26. ^ Alcalde, Ignacio; Íñigo-Portugués, Almudena; González-González, Omar; Almaraz, Laura; Artime, Enol; Morenilla-Palao, Cruz; Gallar, Juana; Viana, Félix; Merayo-Lloves, Jesús; Belmonte, Carlos (August 2018). "Morphological and functional changes in TRPM8-expressing corneal cold thermoreceptor neurons during aging and their impact on tearing in mice". Journal of Comparative Neurology. 526 (11): 1859–1874. doi:10.1002/cne.24454. hdl:11000/5230. ISSN 0021-9967. PMID 29664111.
  27. ^ Quallo, Talisia; Vastani, Nisha; Horridge, Elisabeth; Gentry, Clive; Parra, Andres; Moss, Sian; Viana, Felix; Belmonte, Carlos; Andersson, David A.; Bevan, Stuart (2015-05-22). "TRPM8 is a neuronal osmosensor that regulates eye blinking in mice". Nature Communications. 6 (1): 7150. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.7150Q. doi:10.1038/ncomms8150. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4455064. PMID 25998021.
  28. ^ Zhang, Xuming; Mak, Stephanie; Li, Lin; Parra, Andres; Denlinger, Bristol; Belmonte, Carlos; McNaughton, Peter A. (August 2012). "Direct inhibition of the cold-activated TRPM8 ion channel by Gαq". Nature Cell Biology. 14 (8): 851–858. doi:10.1038/ncb2529. ISSN 1465-7392. PMC 3428855. PMID 22750945.
  29. ^ Pertusa, María; Madrid, Rodolfo; Morenilla-Palao, Cruz; Belmonte, Carlos; Viana, Félix (May 2012). "N-Glycosylation of TRPM8 Ion Channels Modulates Temperature Sensitivity of Cold Thermoreceptor Neurons". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287 (22): 18218–18229. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.312645. PMC 3365712. PMID 22493431.
  30. ^ Valero, Maria; Morenilla-Palao, Cruz; Belmonte, Carlos; Viana, Felix (2010-11-05). "Pharmacological and functional properties of TRPM8 channels in prostate tumor cells". Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology. 461 (1): 99–114. doi:10.1007/s00424-010-0895-0. hdl:10261/55018. ISSN 0031-6768. PMID 21052713.
  31. ^ Madrid, Rodolfo; de la Peña, Elvira; Donovan-Rodriguez, Tansy; Belmonte, Carlos; Viana, Félix (2009-03-11). "Variable Threshold of Trigeminal Cold-Thermosensitive Neurons Is Determined by a Balance between TRPM8 and Kv1 Potassium Channels". The Journal of Neuroscience. 29 (10): 3120–3131. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4778-08.2009. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 6666436. PMID 19279249.
  32. ^ Mälkiä, Annika; Madrid, Rodolfo; Meseguer, Victor; De La Peña, Elvira; Valero, María; Belmonte, Carlos; Viana, Félix (2007-05-15). "Bidirectional shifts of TRPM8 channel gating by temperature and chemical agents modulate the cold sensitivity of mammalian thermoreceptors". The Journal of Physiology. 581 (1): 155–174. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2006.123059. ISSN 0022-3751. PMC 2075222. PMID 17317754.
  33. ^ Madrid, Rodolfo; Donovan-Rodríguez, Tansy; Meseguer, Victor; Acosta, Mari Carmen; Belmonte, Carlos; Viana, Félix (2006-11-29). "Contribution of TRPM8 Channels to Cold Transduction in Primary Sensory Neurons and Peripheral Nerve Terminals". The Journal of Neuroscience. 26 (48): 12512–12525. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3752-06.2006. PMC 6674899. PMID 17135413.
  34. ^ De La Peña, Elvira; Mälkiä, Annika; Cabedo, Hugo; Belmonte, Carlos; Viana, Félix (September 2005). "The contribution of TRPM8 channels to cold sensing in mammalian neurones". The Journal of Physiology. 567 (2): 415–426. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2005.086546. ISSN 0022-3751. PMC 1474199. PMID 15961432.
  35. ^ Kovács, Illés; Luna, Carolina; Quirce, Susana; Mizerska, Kamila; Callejo, Gerard; Riestra, Ana; Fernández-Sánchez, Laura; Meseguer, Victor M.; Cuenca, Nicolás; Merayo-Lloves, Jesús; Acosta, M. Carmen; Gasull, Xavier; Belmonte, Carlos; Gallar, Juana (February 2016). "Abnormal activity of corneal cold thermoreceptors underlies the unpleasant sensations in dry eye disease". Pain. 157 (2): 399–417. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000455. ISSN 0304-3959. PMC 4733818. PMID 26675826.
  36. ^ Bourcier, Tristan; Acosta, M. Carmen; Borderie, Vincent; Borra´s, Fernando; Gallar, Juana; Bury, Thierry; Laroche, Laurent; Belmonte, Carlos (2005-07-01). "Decreased Corneal Sensitivity in Patients with Dry Eye". Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science. 46 (7): 2341–2345. doi:10.1167/iovs.04-1426. hdl:10261/296118. ISSN 1552-5783. PMID 15980220.
  37. ^ Fajardo, Otto; Meseguer, Victor; Belmonte, Carlos; Viana, Felix (2008-11-30). "TRPA1 channels: Novel targets of 1,4-dihydropyridines". Channels. 2 (6): 429–438. doi:10.4161/chan.2.6.7126. ISSN 1933-6950. PMID 18971630.
  38. ^ Fajardo, Otto; Meseguer, Victor; Belmonte, Carlos; Viana, Félix (2008-07-30). "TRPA1 Channels Mediate Cold Temperature Sensing in Mammalian Vagal Sensory Neurons: Pharmacological and Genetic Evidence". The Journal of Neuroscience. 28 (31): 7863–7875. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1696-08.2008. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 6670374. PMID 18667618.
  39. ^ Fernández-Trillo, Jorge; Florez-Paz, Danny; Íñigo-Portugués, Almudena; González-González, Omar; del Campo, Ana Gómez; González, Alejandro; Viana, Félix; Belmonte, Carlos; Gomis, Ana (2020-11-18). "Piezo2 Mediates Low-Threshold Mechanically Evoked Pain in the Cornea". The Journal of Neuroscience. 40 (47): 8976–8993. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0247-20.2020. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 7673006. PMID 33055278.
  40. ^ a b de la Peña, Elvira; Gomis, Ana; Ferrer-Montiel, Antonio; Belmonte, Carlos (2016-03-03). "TRPV1 channel modulation by hyaluronan reduces pain". Channels. 10 (2): 81–82. doi:10.1080/19336950.2015.1109300. ISSN 1933-6950. PMC 4960985. PMID 26517313.
  41. ^ a b c Caires, Rebeca; Luis, Enoch; Taberner, Francisco J.; Fernandez-Ballester, Gregorio; Ferrer-Montiel, Antonio; Balazs, Endre A.; Gomis, Ana; Belmonte, Carlos; de la Peña, Elvira (2015-08-27). "Hyaluronan modulates TRPV1 channel opening, reducing peripheral nociceptor activity and pain". Nature Communications. 6 (1): 8095. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8095C. doi:10.1038/ncomms9095. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4560824. PMID 26311398.
  42. ^ Valente, Pierluigi; Fernández-Carvajal, Asia; Camprubí-Robles, María; Gomis, Ana; Quirce, Susana; Viana, Félix; Fernández-Ballester, Gregorio; González-Ros, José M.; Belmonte, Carlos; Planells-Cases, Rosa; Ferrer-Montiel, Antonio (May 2011). "Membrane-tethered peptides patterned after the TRP domain (TRPducins) selectively inhibit TRPV1 channel activity". The FASEB Journal. 25 (5): 1628–1640. doi:10.1096/fj.10-174433. ISSN 0892-6638. PMID 21307333.
  43. ^ García-Martínez, Carolina; Fernández-Carvajal, Asia; Valenzuela, Belen; Gomis, Ana; Van Den Nest, Wim; Ferroni, Stefano; Carreño, Cristina; Belmonte, Carlos; Ferrer-Montiel, Antonio (October 2006). "Design and Characterization of a Noncompetitive Antagonist of the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Subunit 1 Channel With In Vivo Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activity". The Journal of Pain. 7 (10): 735–746. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2006.03.008. ISSN 1526-5900. PMID 17018334.
  44. ^ Kovács, Illés; Dienes, Lóránt; Perényi, Kristóf; Quirce, Susana; Luna, Carolina; Mizerska, Kamila; Acosta, M. Carmen; Belmonte, Carlos; Gallar, Juana (2016-09-15). "Lacosamide diminishes dryness-induced hyperexcitability of corneal cold sensitive nerve terminals". European Journal of Pharmacology. 787: 2–8. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.05.044. ISSN 1879-0712. PMID 27263827.
  45. ^ de la Peña, Elvira; Gomis, Ana; Ferrer-Montiel, Antonio; Belmonte, Carlos (2016). "TRPV1 channel modulation by hyaluronan reduces pain". Channels (Austin, Tex.). 10 (2): 81–82. doi:10.1080/19336950.2015.1109300. ISSN 1933-6969. PMC 4960985. PMID 26517313.
  46. ^ Caires, Rebeca; Luis, Enoch; Taberner, Francisco J.; Fernandez-Ballester, Gregorio; Ferrer-Montiel, Antonio; Balazs, Endre A.; Gomis, Ana; Belmonte, Carlos; de la Peña, Elvira (2015-08-27). "Hyaluronan modulates TRPV1 channel opening, reducing peripheral nociceptor activity and pain". Nature Communications. 6 (1): 8095. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8095C. doi:10.1038/ncomms9095. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4560824. PMID 26311398.
  47. ^ "Corneal Neuropathy, Corneal Neuralgia, Eye Pain After LASIK". www.lasikcomplications.com. Retrieved 2024-11-05.
  48. ^ Neira-Zalentein, Waldir; Holopainen; M. T. Tervo; Borrás; Acosta; Belmonte; Gallar (2011). "Corneal Sensitivity in Diabetic Patients Subjected to Retinal Laser Photocoagulation". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 52 (8): 6043–6049. doi:10.1167/iovs.10-7054. PMID 21447686.
  49. ^ Gomis, A.; Miralles, A.; Schmidt, R. F.; Belmonte, C. (June 2009). "Intra-articular injections of hyaluronan solutions of different elastoviscosity reduce nociceptive nerve activity in a model of osteoarthritic knee joint of the guinea pig". Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 17 (6): 798–804. doi:10.1016/j.joca.2008.11.013. ISSN 1522-9653. PMID 19103502.
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fonte: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Estermoyb/sandbox
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