Java Web Start, first introduced for J2SE 1.3, allows provision of applications over the Web by clicking a desktop icon or a link on a website.

The Java language has undergone several changes since JDK 1.0 as well as numerous additions of classes and packages to the standard library. Since J2SE 1.4, the evolution of the Java language has been governed by the Java Community Process (JCP), which uses Java Specification Requests (JSRs) to propose and specify additions and changes to the Java platform. The language is specified by the Java Language Specification (JLS); changes to the JLS are managed under JSR 901.

In addition to the language changes, much more dramatic changes have been made to the Java class library over the years, which has grown from a few hundred classes in JDK 1.0 to over three thousand in J2SE 5. Entire new APIs, such as Swing and Java2D, have been introduced, and many of the original JDK 1.0 classes and methods have been deprecated.

Some programs allow conversion of Java programs from one version of the Java platform to an older one (for example Java 5.0 backported to 1.4) (see Java backporting tools).

JDK Alpha and Beta (1995)

Alpha and Beta Java public releases had highly unstable APIs and ABIs. The supplied Java web browser was named WebRunner.

JDK 1.0 (January 23, 1996)

Codename Oak. Initial release^[1][2] The first stable version was the JDK 1.0.2. is called Java 1^[2]

Note : In versions of Java and the JDK up to 1.0.1, you could use private and protected together to create yet another form of protection that would restrict access to methods or variables solely to subclasses of a given class. As of 1.0.2, this capability has been removed from the language.

JDK 1.1 (February 19, 1997)

Major additions included:^[3]

• an extensive retooling of the AWT event model
• inner classes added to the language
• JavaBeans
• JDBC
• RMI
• reflection which supported Introspection only, no modification at runtime was possible.

J2SE 1.2 (December 8, 1998)

Codename Playground. This and subsequent releases through J2SE 5.0 were rebranded retrospectively Java 2 and the version name "J2SE" (Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition) replaced JDK to distinguish the base platform from J2EE (Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition) and J2ME (Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition). Major additions included:^[4]

• strictfp keyword
• the Swing graphical API was integrated into the core classes
• Sun's JVM was equipped with a JIT compiler for the first time
• Java Plug-in
• Java IDL, an IDL implementation for CORBA interoperability
• Collections framework

J2SE 1.3 (May 8, 2000)

Codename Kestrel. The most notable changes were:^[5][6]

• HotSpot JVM included (the HotSpot JVM was first released in April, 1999 for the J2SE 1.2 JVM)
• RMI was modified to support optional compatibility with CORBA
• JavaSound
• Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) included in core libraries (previously available as an extension)
• Java Platform Debugger Architecture (JPDA)
• Synthetic proxy classes

J2SE 1.4 (February 6, 2002)

Codename Merlin. This was the first release of the Java platform developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 59. Major changes included:^[7][8]

Language changes

• assert keyword (Specified in JSR 41.)

Library improvements

• regular expressions modeled after Perl regular expressions
• exception chaining allows an exception to encapsulate original lower-level exception
• Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) support
• non-blocking IO (named NIO) (New Input/Output) (Specified in JSR 51.)
• logging API (Specified in JSR 47.)
• image I/O API for reading and writing images in formats like JPEG and PNG
• integrated XML parser and XSLT processor (JAXP) (Specified in JSR 5 and JSR 63.)
• integrated security and cryptography extensions (JCE, JSSE, JAAS)
• Java Web Start included (Java Web Start was first released in March, 2001 for J2SE 1.3) (Specified in JSR 56.)
• Preferences API (java.util.prefs)

J2SE 5.0 (September 30, 2004)

Codename Tiger. Originally numbered 1.5, which is still used as the internal version number.^[9] This version was developed under JSR 176.

J2SE 5.0 entered its end-of-life on April 8, 2008 and is no longer supported by Sun as of November 3, 2009.^[10]

Tiger added a number of significant new language features:^[11][12]

• Generics: Provides compile-time (static) type safety for collections and eliminates the need for most typecasts (type conversion). (Specified by JSR 14.)
• Metadata: Also called annotations; allows language constructs such as classes and methods to be tagged with additional data, which can then be processed by metadata-aware utilities. (Specified by JSR 175.)
• Autoboxing/unboxing: Automatic conversions between primitive types (such as int) and primitive wrapper classes (such as Integer). (Specified by JSR 201.)
• Enumerations: The enum keyword creates a typesafe, ordered list of values (such as Day.MONDAY, Day.TUESDAY, etc.). Previously this could only be achieved by non-typesafe constant integers or manually constructed classes (typesafe enum pattern). (Specified by JSR 201.)
• Varargs: The last parameter of a method can now be declared using a type name followed by three dots (e.g. void drawtext(String... lines)). In the calling code any number of parameters of that type can be used and they are then placed in an array to be passed to the method, or alternatively the calling code can pass an array of that type.
• Enhanced for each loop: The for loop syntax is extended with special syntax for iterating over each member of either an array or any Iterable, such as the standard Collection classes, using a construct of the form:

void displayWidgets (Iterable<Widget> widgets) {
     for (Widget w: widgets) {
         w.display();
     }
}

This example iterates over the Iterable object widgets, assigning each of its items in turn to the variable w, and then calling the Widget method display() for each item. (Specified by JSR 201.)

• Fix the previously broken semantics of the Java Memory Model, which defines how threads interact through memory.
• Static imports

There were also the following improvements to the standard libraries:

• Automatic stub generation for RMI objects.
• Swing: New skinnable look and feel, called synth.
• The concurrency utilities in package java.util.concurrent.^[13]
• Scanner class for parsing data from various input streams and buffers.

Java 5 is the last release of Java to officially support the Microsoft Windows 9x line (Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME). [1] Unofficially, Java SE 6 Update 7 (1.6.0.7) is the last version of Java to be shown working on this family of operating systems. [2]

Java 5 is the default version of Java installed on Apple Mac OS X 10.5 (Leopard). Java 6 can be installed and set as the default to be used on 64-bit (Core 2 Duo and higher) processor machines.[3] Java 6 is also supported by 32-bit machines running Mac OS X 10.6 (Snow Leopard).

Java SE 6 (December 11, 2006)

Codename Mustang. As of this version, Sun replaced the name "J2SE" with Java SE and dropped the ".0" from the version number.^[14] Internal numbering for developers remains 1.6.0.^[15] This version was developed under JSR 270.

During the development phase, new builds including enhancements and bug fixes were released approximately weekly. Beta versions were released in February and June 2006, leading up to a final release that occurred on December 11, 2006.

Major changes included in this version:^[16][17]

• Support for older Win9x versions dropped. Unofficially Java 6 Update 7 is the last release of Java shown to work on these versions of Windows. This is believed^{[by whom?]} to be due to the major changes in Update 10.
• Scripting Language Support (JSR 223): Generic API for tight integration with scripting languages, and built-in Mozilla JavaScript Rhino integration
• Dramatic performance improvements for the core platform,^[18][19] and Swing.
• Improved Web Service support through JAX-WS (JSR 224)
• JDBC 4.0 support (JSR 221).
• Java Compiler API (JSR 199): an API allowing a Java program to select and invoke a Java Compiler programmatically.
• Upgrade of JAXB to version 2.0: Including integration of a StAX parser.
• Support for pluggable annotations (JSR 269)^[20]
• Many GUI improvements, such as integration of SwingWorker in the API, table sorting and filtering, and true Swing double-buffering (eliminating the gray-area effect).
• JVM improvements include: synchronization and compiler performance optimizations, new algorithms and upgrades to existing garbage collection algorithms, and application start-up performance.^[21]

Java 6 updates

After Java 6 release, Sun released several updates which, while not changing any public API, enhanced end-user usability or fixed bugs.^[22]

Java SE 7 (July 28, 2011)

Java 7 (codename 'Dolphin'^[61]) is a major update to Java that was launched on July 7, 2011^[62] and was made available for developers on July 28, 2011.^[63] The development period was organized into thirteen milestones; on February 18, 2011, milestone 13 (the last milestone) was reached.^[64][65] On average, 8 builds (which generally included enhancements and bug fixes) were released per milestone. The feature list at the OpenJDK 7 project lists many of the feature changes.

Feature additions for Java 7 include:^[66]

• JVM support for dynamic languages, following the prototyping work currently done on the Multi Language Virtual Machine
• Compressed 64-bit pointers^[67] Available in Java 6 with -XX:+UseCompressedOops
• Small language changes (grouped under a project named Coin):^[68]

• Strings in switch^[69]
• Automatic resource management in try-statement^[70]
• Improved type inference for generic instance creation^[71]
• Simplified varargs method declaration^[72]
• Binary integer literals^[73]
• Allowing underscores in numeric literals^[74]
• Catching multiple exception types and rethrowing exceptions with improved type checking^[75]

• Concurrency utilities under JSR 166^[76]
• New file I/O library to enhance platform independence and add support for metadata and symbolic links. The new packages are java.nio.file and java.nio.file.attribute^[77][78]
• Library-level support for Elliptic curve cryptography algorithms
• An XRender pipeline for Java 2D, which improves handling of features specific to modern GPUs
• New platform APIs for the graphics features originally planned for release in Java version 6u10
• Enhanced library-level support for new network protocols, including SCTP and Sockets Direct Protocol
• Upstream updates to XML and Unicode

Lambda (Java's implementation of lambda functions), Jigsaw (Java's implementation of modules), and part of Coin were dropped from Java 7. Java 8 will be released with the remaining features in summer 2013.^[79]

Java 7 updates

Oracle plans to issue updates to the Java 7 family on a quarterly basis.

Java SE 8

Java 8 is expected in summer 2013^[79] and will include at a minimum the features that were planned for Java 7 but later deferred.

• Language-level support for lambda expressions (officially, lambda expressions; unofficially, closures) under Project Lambda.^[91] There was an ongoing debate in the Java community on whether to add support for lambda expressions.^[92][93] Sun later declared that lambda expressions would be included in Java and asked for community input to refine the feature.^[94]
• Parts of project Coin that are not included in Java 7
• Language-level support for Collections
• Tight integration with JavaFX^[95]

Java 9

At JavaOne 2011, Oracle discussed features they hope to have in Java 9, including better support for multi-gigabyte heaps, better native code integration, and a self-tuning JVM.^[96]

• Modularization of the JDK under Project Jigsaw^[97][98][99]

See also

Java portal

• Java Platform

References

External links

• Early history of Java
• Full list of changes for J2SE 1.3
• Full list of changes for J2SE 1.4
• Full list of changes for J2SE 5.0
• Full list of changes for Java SE 6
• Mustang development site for Java SE 6
• Java SE 7 release notes
• Sun Java Supported versions and EOL
• Downloads archive for older version of Java

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