Help:IPA for Sanskrit

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Sanskrit pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

Sanskrit has many complex phonological processes, called sandhi, which alter sounds because of the presence of neighboring sounds at morpheme or word boundaries. See Shiksha for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Sanskrit.

Consonants
IPA Nagari IAST English approximation
b ब b about
bʱ भ bh abhor ('h' not silent)
tʃ च tʃ chew
tʃʰ छ tʃʰ Churchill (stress on 'h')
d̪ द d this
d̪ʱ ध dh roughly like old house
ɖ ड ḍ roughly like border
ɖʱ ढ ḍh roughly like birdhouse
ɡ ग g again
ɡʱ घ gh doghouse
ɦ ह h head
j य y yak
d͡ʑ ज j juice
d͡ʑʱ झ jh roughly like hedgehog
k क k scan
kʰ ख kh can
l ल l leaf
m म m much
n न n tenth
ɳ ण ṇ roughly like burnt [1]
ɲ ञ ñ roughly like canyon[1]
ŋ ङ ṅ bank [1]
p प p span
pʰ फ ph pot
r र r three (Scottish English)
s स s sue
ʂ ष ṣ worship
ɕ श ś shoe
t̪ त t stable
t̪ʰ थ th table
ʈ ट ṭ art
ʈʰ ठ ṭh art history
ʋ व v between wine and vine
Vowels [1][2]
IPA Nagari IAST English approximation
ə अ, प a quota
əi ऐ, पै ai Somewhat like bail
əu औ, पौ au open (British English)
aː आ, पा ā bra
eː ए, पे e Somewhat like wait
h ः ḥ ahead
i इ, पि i happy
iː ई, पी ī feet
l̩ ऌ, पॢ ḷ Syllabic ‹l›: bottle
l̩ː ॡ, पॣ ḹ Long syllabic ‹l›
oː ओ, पो o old (Irish English)
r̩ ऋ, पृ ṛ Syllabic ‹r›: better
r̩ː ॠ, पॄ ṝ Long syllabic ‹r›: bird
u उ, पु u look
uː ऊ, पू ū loot
 ̃ ँ, ं ṃ nasal vowel ([ãː], [õː], etc.) [1]


Suprasegmentals
IPA Nagari IAST English equivalent
ˈ stress
(placed before stressed syllable)
ː doubled consonant

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e Vowels may occur nasalised as an allophone of the nasal consonants in certain positions: see anusvara and chandrabindu.
  2. ^ Sanskrit distinguishes between long and short vowels. Each monophthong has a long and short phoneme. The diphthongs, historically /ai, aːi, au, aːu/, also have a difference in quality: /e, əi, o, əu/. Rarely, vowels may be extra-long.

References

fonte: https://web.archive.org/web/20161220111020/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Sanskrit