Help:IPA for Vietnamese

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Vietnamese language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. There are two major standards, one of Hanoi and one of Ho Chi Minh City. Each makes distinctions that the other does not; the central dialects, which make the distinctions of both, are represented here. Following the examples are common alternate transcriptions for sounds in IPA, for comparison.

See Vietnamese phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Vietnamese.

Consonants
  IPA   Examples English approximation
ʔ anh (pronounced before a vowel) Informal British: button
ɓ ba [ʔb] almost like bee
c chè (Ho Chi Minh City final [t] after e / i / y [1]) cheese (unaspirated)
ɗ đi [ʔd] almost like day but "swallowed"
f ph fight
h hàng high
j da, danh (in Northern [z]) yellow
k cô, kem sky
l là low
m mai my
n nam (Ho Chi Minh City final [ŋ] after a / o / u [2]) no
ɲ nhà (Ho Chi Minh City final [n] after e / i / y [1]) French agneau, Spanish enseñar
ŋ ngâm (before a / o / u [2]); nghe (before e / i / y [1]) singer
p pin sport
s xa so
ʂ sao (Ho Chi Minh City [s]) almost like show
t tây (Ho Chi Minh City final [k] after o / u [2]) stop
thầy top
ʈʂ tra [ʈ] (Hanoi c) almost like choose (unaspirated)
v về ([j] in informal Southern Vietnamese) van
w u; oanh (Hanoi initial [ʔw]) (may follow all vowels but a / o / u [2]) we
x khô (Ho Chi Minh City []) loch (Scottish English)
ɣ ga (before a/o/u [2]); ghế (before e / i / y [1]) Spanish: amigo
z già, giao (Ho Chi Minh City [j]) zero
ʐ ra, rồi (Ho Chi Minh City [ɹ]) similar to pleasure
Monophthongs
IPA Examples English approximation
ă ăn; anh almost like cut
a ba [3] between cat and father
e v almost like sit
ɛ xe set
ə̆ ân; bênh person
ə bơ similar to sir (British English)
i khi; quy see
ɨ tư similar to glasses
o cô similar to good
ɔ có; xoong law
u ru too
Diphthongs
IPA Examples English approximation
vn, bia beer (British English)
ɨə xương, chưa No English equivalent
uống, mua sure (British English)
ʷ (see /w/ above) we
Tones
IPA Examples Hanoi Ho Chi Minh City
a ə a [˧] [˧]
â ə̂ à [˨˩] [˨˩]
ǎ ə̌ á [˧˥] [˧˥]
a᷉ ə᷉[4] [˧˩] [˧˩˧]
ǎˀ ə̌ˀ ã [˧ˀ˥] [˧˩˧]
âˀ ə̂ˀ [˧ˀ˩ʔ] [˨˧]
ə́k[5] ấc [˦˥] [˦˥]
ə̀k[5] ậc [˩] [˩]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d The front vowels ([i], [e], [ɛ], [j]), which are based on the letters e, i, and y.
  2. ^ a b c d e The non-front vowels, which are based on the letters a, o, u.
  3. ^ /aː/ may be pronounced [æ].
  4. ^ This is a dipping tone. It is similar to ã ə̃ ([  ̃ ] (nasalized mark). The dipping tone differs only in being angular in shape but is not widely supported by IPA fonts.
  5. ^ a b Before a final /p, t, c, k/, the six tones of Vietnamese are reduced to two.