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Help:IPA/Hmong
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Hmong language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. The dialect used in this chart is both White Hmong and Green Hmong. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-hmn}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
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Notes and references
^* No equivalent to English ^* ⟨k⟩ is only represented in RPA and not in Pahawh Hmong. For example, to write keeb in RPA, you have to follow the order Consonant + Vowel + Tone (CVT), so it is K + ee + b = Keeb, but in Pahawh Hmong, it is just Keeb "𖬀𖬶" (2nd-Stage Version).
References
- https://studyhmong.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Hmong-For-Beginners-by-Annie-Jasser.pdf (Hmong for Beginners - Annie Jaisser in collaboration with Martha Ratliff, Elizabeth Riddle, David Strecker, Lopao Vang, and Lyfu Vang; Illustrations by Tria Xiong, David Strecker, and Halinka Luangprasent)
- https://bilinguistics.com/hmong-speech-language-development/ Hmong Speech and Language Development – Difference or Disorder?
- https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/64484/ThaoSpr2012.pdf?sequence=1 Phonetics of the Hmong White Language
- https://www.ukessays.com/essays/linguistics/basics-of-hmong-phonology.php Basics of Hmong Phonology
- http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~dwbruhn/dwbruhn_Ling230_squib_PFWHm.pdf Toward a Reconstruction of Proto-Far-Western-Hmongic - Daniel Bruhn
- https://www.hmongstudiesjournal.org/uploads/4/5/8/7/4587788/ly_hsj_21.pdf An Explanation of the Logic of Hmong RPA - Chô Ly, Ph.D.
- http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/voiceproject/Hmong/Hmong_Notes.pdf Hmong Notes
- https://zenodo.org/record/1127804#.X-KfBdhKiUk The classification of Na Meo, a Hmong-Mien language of Vietnam - Andrew Hsiu
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3574099/ Voice quality and tone identification in White Hmong - Marc Garellek and Patricia Keating, Christina M. Esposito, Jody Kreiman
- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44444705_Qha_Ke_Guiding_the_Way_From_the_Hmong_Ntsu_of_China_1943 Qha Ke (Guiding the Way) From the Hmong Ntsu of China, 1943
- https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.736.9729&rep=rep1&type=pdf The Phonetic Inventory of Mong Leng - Daniel Bruhn
- http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/jaisser1987hmong.pdf Hmong Classifiers - Annie Jaisser
- https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2012/12013-n4175-pahawh-hmong.pdf Final proposal to encode the Pahawh Hmong script in the UCS
- http://ess.aurorak12.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2012/03/Common-characteristics-from-multiple-languages-courtesy-of-the-Anchorage-School-District.pdf IPA of Hmong and other Languages