The accent that has been used here as a model is Urban East Norwegian, the pronunciation of Bokmål spoken in the Oslo region and most commonly taught to foreigners.
^ abcdeClusters of /r/ and laminal consonants /rd/, /rn/, /rs/, /rt/ produce retroflex realizations in a recursive Sandhi process: [ɖ], [ɳ], [ʂ], [ʈ].
^ abIn contemporary Urban East Norwegian, there are two lateral approximant phonemes: apical /l/ and laminal /l̻/. There is no longer a difference between the historical /rl/ and the simple /l/ when not preceded by /oː/ or /ɑ:/; both are realized as non-velarized apical alveolar [l]. Only the laminal [l̻] occurs after /t, d, n/ (in this guide transcribed the same as [l]) and after /ɔ/ and /ɑ/. After /oː/ and /ɑː/, the two phonemes contrast. The laminal phoneme is velarized [ɫ̻] (transcribed in this guide without the diacritic) after back vowels but not after the central /ə/ (Kristoffersen 2000:25).
^ abcThe lack of distinction between the consonants traditionally transcribed in the literature with ⟨l⟩ and ⟨ɭ⟩ leaves no trace of the historical /r/ after /iː, yː, ʉː/. After /oː/ and /ɑː/, the contrast surfaces as a contrast between a plain apical [l] (which corresponds to historical /rl/) and a velarized laminal [ɫ] (which corresponds to historical /l/).
^ abWhen a lateral approximant occurs between two stressable vowels (i.e. any vowels other than /ə/) in a compound word, the coloring of the lateral depends on whether it occurs in a morpheme-final position or not. If there is a morpheme boundary between the vowel and /l/ (as in Hordaland[ˈhɔ̂rdɑlɑn]), the lateral is clear [l] regardless of the backness of the preceding vowel.
^/ɽ/ often alternates with /l/ (sometimes with /r/), but there is a small number of words in which only /ɽ/ occurs (Kristoffersen 2000:24, 90).
^Stressed short vowels usually trigger the gemination of the following consonant before another vowel or at the end of a word.
^ abThe rise that often follows is only realized at the end of an intonational phrase. It is non-phonemic.
^ abcdThe distinction between compressed [ʉ] and protruded [y] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
Norwegian compressed [ʉ] sounds very close to many German speakers' compressed [ʏ] (as in müssen[ˈmʏsn̩]).
Norwegian protruded [ʏ] sounds more similar to English unrounded [ɪ] (as in hit) than to German compressed [ʏ], and it is very close to Swedish protruded [ʏ] (as in syll[sʏlː]).
Similarly,
Norwegian compressed [ʉː] sounds very close to many German speakers' compressed [yː].
Norwegian protruded [yː] sounds more similar to English unrounded [iː] (as in leave) than to German compressed [yː], and it is very close to Swedish protruded [yː] (as in syl[syːl]).
^[ɛɪ] appears only in recent loanwords. Speakers who do not have [ɛɪ] in their diphthong inventory replace it with [æɪ] (Kristoffersen 2000:19).
Berulfsen, Bjarne (1969), Norsk Uttaleordbok (in Norwegian), Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co (W Nygaard)
Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
Kvifte, Bjørn; Gude-Husken, Verena (2005) [First published 1997], Praktische Grammatik der norwegischen Sprache (3rd ed.), Gottfried Egert Verlag, ISBN 3-926972-54-8
Skaug, Ingebjørg (2003) [First published 1996], Norsk språklydlære med øvelser (in Norwegian) (3rd ed.), Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk Forlag AS, ISBN 82-456-0178-0
Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk (in Norwegian), Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
Vanvik, Arne (1985), Norsk Uttaleordbok: A Norwegian pronouncing dictionary, Oslo: Fonetisk institutt, Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 978-8299058414
[ˈhɔ̂rdɑlɑn]), the lateral is clear [l] regardless of the backness of the preceding vowel.