Help:IPA/Wu Chinese
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Wu Chinese pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-wuu}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
Consonants
In the Romanization schemes of Wu Chinese:
- i denotes 吴语协会拼音
- ii denotes 吴语学堂拼音
- iii denotes 吴语拉丁式注音法, also known as 法吴
- iv denotes Qian Nairong's 上海话拼音方案 in 2006, also known as 钱拼[1]
- Example characters correspond to the Shanghainese dialect
| IPA | Romanization schemes | Characters | English Approximation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| i | ii | iii | iv | |||
| p | p | p | b | 巴百 | spin | |
| pʰ | ph | ph | p | 怕捧 | pin | |
| b | b | b | bh | 旁别 | big | |
| m | m | m | mh | 没母 | might | |
| ˀm | m | m | 闷美 | lamb, with glottalization | ||
| m̩ | m | 姆亩 | rhythm | |||
| f | f | f | f | 夫反 | find | |
| v | v | v | fh | 佛犯 | vase | |
| ˀv | v | v | 勿[2] | leave, with glottalization | ||
| t | t | t | d | 多德 | stop | |
| tʰ | th | th | t | 体通 | top | |
| d | d | d | dh | 地同 | dash | |
| n | n | n | nh, -n | 纳努 | night | |
| ˀn | ng | 囡呢 | ton, with glottalization | |||
| ȵ[3] (n̠ʲ) |
ny | gn | nh | 尼女 | canyon | |
| ˀȵ[3] (ˀn̠ʲ) |
gn | n | 研妞 | canyon, with glottalization | ||
| n̩ | n | n | 唔 | button | ||
| l | l | l | lh | 勒路 | lip | |
| ˀl | l | l | 拎了 | pull, with glottalization | ||
| ts | ts | ts | z | 子张 | cats | |
| tsʰ | tsh | tsh | c | 超参 | cats head | |
| s | s | s | s | 书三 | sea | |
| z | z | z | sh | 传食 | zoo | |
| tɕ | c | c | j | 居尖 | cheap | |
| tɕʰ | ch | ch | q | 曲青 | catch him | |
| dʑ | j | j | jh | 求极 | jeep | |
| ɕ | sh | sh | x | 需血 | sheep | |
| ʑ | zh | zh | xh | 谢墙 | vision | |
| k | k | k | g | 工各 | scan | |
| kʰ | kh | kh | k | 苦客 | can | |
| ɡ | g | g | gh | 共搞 | get | |
| ŋ | ng | ng | nhg-, -ng | 鹅牙 | bring | |
| ˀŋ | ng | ng | 我砑 | sing, with glottalization | ||
| ŋ̍ | ng | ng | 五鱼 | No English equivalent | ||
| ɦ | gh | gh | hh | 红合 | behind | |
| ɻ | er | -r (er) | 而尔 | right | ||
| ʔ | -h | -q | -k | Pause in uh-oh! | ||
Vowels
| IPA† | Romanization schemes † | E.g. | English Approximation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| i | ii | iii | iv | |||
| i | -i, -i-, y-, yh- | 西谢 | beat | |||
| ɿ[3] (ɹ̩) |
y | -y | 资处 | American better | ||
| o/u | -o, -u, w- | -u, -u-, w-, wh- | 多坏 | boot | ||
| y | iu | yu, -u[4], -u-, yhu- | 须卷 | RP cute, but the vowel is more front | ||
| ᴀ[3] (ä) |
a, ia | a (ia, ua) | 拉写 | father, but the vowel is more front | ||
| o~ʊ | o | o (o, ong, iong) | 沙画 | between go and push | ||
| ᴇ[3] (e̞) |
e | e (e, ue) | 海难 | play | ||
| ɔ | au | ao (ao, iao) | 少表 | off | ||
| ɤ | eu | ou (ou, iu[5]) | 头流 | foot, but with unrounded lips | ||
| ø | oen, oe | oe (uoe, yoe) | 看完 | RP fur, but the vowel is more front and with rounded lips | ||
| ə | en, er | e (en, un[5], er) | 登而 | about | ||
| ã | an | an (ian, uan) | 长横 | sang | ||
| ɑ̃ | aon | ang (ang, iang, uang) | 刚光 | Similar to song | ||
| Vowels with glottal stops | ||||||
| ᴀʔ (äʔ) |
aq | ak (ak, iak, uak) | 白脚 | but, with glottalization | ||
| əʔ | eq | ek (ek, uek) | 合活 | comma, with glottalisation | ||
| oʔ~ʊʔ | oq | ok (ok, iok) | 角肉 | between go and push, with glottalisaton | ||
| iɪʔ | eq | ik | 笔吃 | beat, but the vowel is more open and with glottalization | ||
| yɪʔ | ioq, iuiq | yuik | 血月 | RP cute, but the vowel is more front and with glottalization | ||
See also
References
- ^ Qian, Nairong (2006-12-06). "首届国际上海方言学术研讨会审定上海话拼音方案". 北大中文论坛 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2021-02-16.
- ^ 出现在三个或以上音节的语音词的第一个音节。
- ^ a b c d e [ɿ ᴀ ᴇ ȵ] are Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet and are not accepted by the general IPA community.
- ^ yu开头的韵母与除n、l外的声母相拼时省去y, 如qyuoe（“券”）写作quoe。
- ^ a b iou、uen与声母相拼时分别省去o与e，作iu与un。